On January 15, 1940 the Lww University was reopened; its professors started to teach in accordance with Soviet curricula. Google Universal Analytics long-time unique user tracking identifier. To understand why my family, the only one from the whole village, were arrested, I must go back to the year l918-20 when, after the First World War, Poland regained its independence after some 123 years of being partitioned between Russia, Prussia and Austria. then this event called by the Poles Miracle on the Vistula is celebrated each I was always. [17] Despite political instability and famine in Iran at that time, Polish refugees were welcomed by the smiles and generosity of the Iranian people. Only the Communist Party was allowed to exist, with organizations subordinated to it. The adults were uneasy and afraid of the unknown, but us, the children, were happy for an adventure. Despite what we have just seen, in 2006 Slawomir Grunberg directed a documentary released by the Jewish Film Institute and titled "Saved by deportation: An unknown odyssey of Polish Jews". . [60] The events of the late 1940s amounted to a full-scale civil war according to some historians, especially in the eastern and central parts of the country (see: the Cursed soldiers). After the first evacuation, Polish-Soviet relations deteriorated and the Soviet government began arresting Polish officials. However, in October 1946, the Secretary of State in London pronounced that refugees who could get a job in the area for at least 6 months, or had a sum of money sufficient to sustain themselves, could stay. Obviously, the Jews who survived the horror of the Gulag could feel lucky next to those who were murdered in the German extermination camps. The train driver never gave notice of moving off, he simply started off, when people frantically climbed on board snatching their pots at the same time. On the date of 10th February, 1940, some 218,000 people were forcefully deported from Eastern Poland, and with further deportations during the year, this figure rose to almost 2,000,000. In an effort to improve hygienic conditions in the newly formed orphanages, our heads were shaved and we were de-liced in some solution. Unauthorised use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this sites owner is strictly prohibited. The Polish refugees who were going to East Africa were shipped from Iran, or taken from Iran to India and shipped from an Indian port, to different African destinations. The Soviet Union never officially declared war on Poland and ceased to recognise the Polish state at the start of the invasion. Regarding the ethnic composition of these areas: ca. The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia: A Historical Narrative based on the written testimony of the Polish Siberian survivors: 9781615848119: Amazon.com: Books. On August 9, 1942, a second evacuation began, which lasted until September 1. A decisive battle was fought on the banks of river Vistula, just outside Warsaw, when, despite being overwhelmingly outnumbered, the Polish forces completely routed and There we were accommodated in tents (after undergoing more disinfecting procedures when my eyes condition improved considerably), and as the stay prolonged, the Polish authorities in London organised schooling. [15] The single man has not been traced; the woman, Josefa Bieronska, moved to South Africa with her children. Faced with those who claim that Stalin had strategic reasons for allying with Germany in 1939, Snyder added: "in moral discussions of the war, strategic justifications are not usually admitted as legitimate excuses for collaboration with the Nazis. Probably all Poles know about this fact, I myself mentioned those deportations here.I have also mentioned the fate of some of the children who survived Siberia here.But I decided today to tell you about Polish connections with Siberia, which began as early as the 16th century, which is why I present, ", The Nazis consulted Moscow to deport the Jews to Siberia. A decisive battle was fought on the banks of river Vistula, just outside Warsaw, when, despite being overwhelmingly outnumbered, the Polish forces completely routed and destroyed the Russian army. [48] The result of the staged voting was to legitimize the Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. Feature photo: German and Soviet soldiers fraternizing in Brest, where their forces met during the joint invasion of Poland (colorized photo by Mirek Szponar). Nothing looked like Poland, but adults in our camp did their best to emphasize our roots. Entdecke Eine polnische Frauenerfahrung im Zweiten Weltkrieg - 9781350178090 in groer Auswahl Vergleichen Angebote und Preise Online kaufen bei eBay Kostenlose Lieferung fr viele Artikel! Its estimated that Polish deportees were held captive in the USSR on average for 66 months, meaning that the average sum to be received by the survivors could amount to PLN 13,200, or around EUR 3000. [56] Pre-war Poland was portrayed as a capitalist state based on exploitation of the working people and ethnic minorities. The area amounted to about 200,000 square kilometres, which was inhabited by 13.5 million formerly Polish citizens. At times I was forced to chew on some bark of a tree in order to put something in my stomach. "Polish Refugees in Iran during World War II". After settling me in, which was on a blanket spread on the sand inside a tent, she had to return to her unit. [18] In late 1942 and early 1943, Polish camps in Iran were located at Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Ahvaz. The cross memorialises their devotion to the ideals of freedom and But there was a crime quantitatively greater and as unknown as that by the general public. These first deportations were made when Hitler and Stalin still maintained their alliance (Photo: Instytut Pamici Narodowej). Still, thousands of distraught Poles remained there, sent to kolkhozs. In 1941 Joseph Stalin ordered all inhabitants with a German father to be deported, mostly to Siberia or Kazakhstan. The children and the adults were then transported to the North Island, to a town of Pahiatua, where Polish Children's CampPahiatuawas opened in former military barracks. According to depositions by Jzef wiato and other communist sources, the number of members of the Polish underground, rounded up by order of Lavrentiy Beria of the NKVD and deported to Siberia and various gulags in the Soviet Union reached 50,000 in 1945 alone. [2] There were four waves of deportations of entire families with children, women, and elderly people aboard freight trains from 1940 until 1941. They worked as farmers, and their first transport came through India in October 1943 with 720 people, most of them women and children. The NKVD (Russian Secret Police) had the overall command of these gulags, run by a mostly brutal local administator. They suffered mass deportations to the gulags.[59]. A one-time Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union was declared by Stalin. A silenced history: the communist repression against Poles who fought Nazism, The handing over of Jews by the Soviet NKVD to the Gestapo. Sovietisation of Poland's Eastern Territories. In 1944, the prime minister of New Zealand, Peter Fraser, agreed to take a limited number of Polish orphans and half-orphans, whose parents had died either in Soviet Union or Tehran, or whose fathers had fought at the front. [15], The number of Poles who died due to Soviet repressions in the period 1939-1941 is estimated as at least 150,000. [15] The NKVD had to open dozens of ad-hoc prison sites in almost all towns of the region. [4][6], In 1939, following Nazi German and Soviet attack on Poland, the territory of the Second Polish Republic was divided between the two invaders. In Ahvaz, "Camp Polonia" was one of the main exit centers for Poles leaving Iran, and the last Ahvaz camp closed in 1945. As the forces of Nazi Germany were pushed westward in 1945 in the closing months of the war, Poland's formal sovereignty was re-established by the Soviet-formed provisional government, later renamed as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland. Altogether, in 1943-44 there were 26 schools for Polish refugees in the Near East.[12]. In January 1944, the Polish staff in all East African camps had been reduced. The Soviet Union took over 52.1% of the territory of Poland (circa 200,000km) with over 13,700,000 citizens at the end of the Polish Defensive War. The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863-1880 pp.151-175 Andrew A. Gentes Four thousand Poles were sentenced to the penal labor category of Siberian exile. We were brought into a region called Czelabinskaja Oblosc to a place called Czepajewka posiolek hard labour camp. Some children were so weak that they could not get up and queue for the toilet. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland, the Soviet Union acquired more than half of the territory of the Second Polish Republic or about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000sqmi) inhabited by more than 13,200,000 people. Survivor accounts: Polish deportations to Russia. Tribute was paid in the eastern Polish city of Lublin on Sunday to Poles expelled from the former eastern borderlands and deported to Siberia by the Soviet authorities. 'Za pierwszego Sovieta'. There were sports teams, a choir and activities groups. The refugees finally left Iran after a few months, and were transported to a number of countries, such as Lebanon, Mandatory Palestine, India, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, South Africa, New Zealand, and Mexico. Most Poles were forced to stay in the Soviet Union. Many Poles left Iran for India, thanks to the efforts of Polish consul in Bombay, Eugeniusz Banasinski. Children were taken care of by the Polish Red Cross and residents of Bombay. The cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the middle. The Red Army paused on the Vistula river for months in 1944, while a few days' march to the west, the Germans transported the last significant population of Polish Jews from the Lodz ghetto to Auschwitz and gassed them. [66], Bodies of Polish prisoners-of-war by the mass graves of the, Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (19391946), Aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Poland, Dismantling of Polish governmental and social institutions, Installing Soviet satellite state in Poland. A short while later, we boarded buses and were driven Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union, Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees, People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine, 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews), Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946), List of Soviet Union prison sites that detained Poles, List of Polish refugees cemeteries in Africa. Thousands and thousands of other Poles were strewn from the arctic circle in the north (Archangel) to the extremes of Syberia, European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirgystan, and other places, and set to work, in appalling conditions, felling forest trees, transporting and working timber, or, as my father, working in mines. She wanted us to go either to India or Africa, as it was closer to Europe. People kept their own gardens, with vegetables. Note that you need to include Polish characters when searching i.e. The chairs of Marxism-Leninism, and Dialectical and Historical Materialism, aimed at strengthening Soviet ideology, were opened as well. People who were thus rewarded were called Osadniki which means Settlers on the new land given to them. My brother Alfons, I later learned, went down with typhus, and my mother, who was then near his unit, nursed him to health. Leer ms, A crime committed during the alliance between Hitler and Stalin in 1939-1941. There was a mast with a huge Polish flag, and the White Eagle on the gate."[12]. In the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, which took place in September 1939, the territory of Poland was divided in half between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. one chamber, the ceiling collapsed on him. Algunas cookies son colocadas por servicios de terceros que aparecen en nuestras pginas. Lww University was reorganized in accordance with the Statute Books for Soviet Higher Schools. . Polish Citizens deported to Soviet Forced-Labor Camps in Siberia Stephen P. Morse, San Francisco Last Name: is exactly starts with contains ends with First Name: is exactly starts with XCLOSE. [11] Polish literature and language studies were dissolved by Soviet authorities. "In the 1939-1941 period alone, Soviet-inflicted suffering on all citizens in Poland exceeded that of Nazi-inflicted suffering on all citizens. The fourth and final wave occurred in June 1941, deporting 300,000. Polish Deportees Cut Timber in a Siberian Labour Camp, 1940 In September 1939, Germany and Russia invaded Poland and divided it between them. [28], Subsequently, all institutions of the dismantled Polish state were closed down and reopened under the Soviet-appointed supervisors. [29] Altogether the Soviets sent roughly a million people from Poland to Siberia. [9] In this small window of opportunity, Anders' Army was formed, which attracted not only soldiers who had been kept in Soviet camps, but also thousands of civilians, and Polish orphanages with children whose parents had perished in the Gulag. Este sitio utiliza diferentes tipos de cookies. On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany had changed the secret terms of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact. The ship was small and we were squizzed practically like sardines. This story has been placed in the following categories. Malnutrition was evident everywhere. After the hell that we survived, Tehran was a different world. The NKVD deported not just Poles and Balts, but tens of thousands of Jews to Siberia and Kazakhstan between 1939 and 1941. Some months later we the orphans and civilians were moved to Uzbekistan to a place called Guzar. There were only four toilet facilities on board, so with people and children suffering from dysentery and other stomach disorders, it simply was impossible for everybody to avail themselves of toilet facilities. ), This page was last edited on 2 January 2023, at 22:55. As a result of the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland (as agreed by the Nazis and Soviets in their Cedar, MI 49621-5106. The stench was terrible. The journey was an inhuman nightmare. My mother refused the tempting offer of going to Santa Rosa in Mexico. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Because of heavy rainfall we were in constant fear of the hut collapsing around us (which in fact happened the day after we moved out). Some members of the Ukrainian population welcomed the unification with Soviet Ukraine. They were so bad that we were continually covered in lice and bedbugs. I remember it was so cold, that my mothers hair froze to the side of the carriage, and I caught a bad chill and infection in my left ear which resulted in a perforation of my eardrum. To say that hygienic conditions of our living quarters were less than primitive is to make a gross overstatement. Polish evacuees had to travel by train to Krasnovodsk, where they took a ship across the Caspian Sea to Iran. The Polish soldiers, after evacuating from Russia to Persia (now Iran) and undergoing health rehabilitation following their ordeal in the Russian camps, entered the war in the West fighting alongisde the Allies on all fronts land, It has been seventy years since as many as 2 million Poles were deported against their will to some of the most inhospitable regions in the world: Siberia, Kazakhstan, and parts of Soviet Asia. At this time, then, we were scattered over three continents and it took a long time, through the Red Cross, before we made contact with each other. At Isfahan Polish orphanage, a children's camp was opened, where 2,300 children and 300 adults stayed and eight elementary schools were created. February 9, 2020 April 13, 2021. Illnessestyphoid, dysentery, no restrooms in cars. Poles deported to Siberia in 1940 - 2 of 5 - second world war toitb 14K views 9 years ago The Germans That Fought the Japanese - A Forgotten 1940 Battle Mark Felton [citation needed] In Uganda, the biggest campswhich housed some 6,400 people, including 3,000 childrenwere at Koja (Mukono District by Lake Victoria) and Masindi, Western Uganda. Whilst waiting for a boat to take us to India, we were housed in horse stables. World War Two: The deportation of Polish refugees to Abercorn camp in Northern Rhodesia. high up through Elburz Mountains, at break-neck speed (drivers often being drunk) through hairpin bends to Teheran. Unauthorised Young as I was, in my mind I resisted. The victims of that crime must be rescued from oblivion. Immediately after their conquest of eastern Poland, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of sovietization of the newly acquired areas. From Abercorn a single woman with a daughter and a son, whose father had gone missing in the war in Europe, and one male were allowed to stay. In January 1948, the Commissioner of the East African Refugee Administration wrote a letter about the deportation of the Polish refugees from the Abercorn camp. Other solders rushed through the house looking for hidden arms. On January 16, 1943, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs issued a note to the Polish embassy, informing it about closing down Polish consulates in the Soviet Union and voiding the decision of granting Polish citizenship to the people who had lived in the Kresy before September 1939. There were several waves of deportations during which families were sent to barren land in the Soviet Union. On June 16, 2005, the website of the World Jewish Congress published very significant information that highlighted the curious coincidence of Hitler's initial anti-Semitic plans with Stalin's deportations of Jews : "The Nazis wanted to deport all Jews to the Soviet Union, a newly discovered document suggests. The Soviet Union never officially declared war on Poland and ceased to recognise the Polish state at the start of the invasion. "[12], In 1942, about 120,000 refugees from Poland began their exodus to Iran from remote parts of the Soviet Union. Forced deportations of Polish citizens to Russia is one of the most tragic pages in our history, wrote Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki in a letter to the participants of the opening ceremony of the Siberian Memorial Museum. [19], The first Polish refugees came to Palestine in summer 1942. In Northern Rhodesia, 245 evacuees were accepted for permanent residence. Several camps were opened in and around Bombay, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed. There were a lot of accidents, where Reproduction of the contents of this blog is prohibited without the author's consent. Google Analytics short-term functional cookie used to determine new users and sessions. In an official letter from the British Authorities it was said: "It has been agreed that the welfare work in the Polish settlements must continue and the minimum staff stays to ensure this must be retained." Amazing fact: For some, this grim hardship was a gift, not only of life, but of their humanity. In 1989, the Soviet Union apologized for its crimes against Poland. February 10, 2022. Their migration began was encouraged by local noblemen, often Polish landlords, who wanted to develop their significant land-holdings in the area for agricultural use. (And that is another moment that has always stayed with me). [1] Within months, in order to de-Polonize annexed lands, the Soviet NKVD rounded up and deported between 320,000 and 1 million Polish nationals to the eastern parts of the USSR, the Urals, and Siberia. Bjning Documents Lexikon Collaborative Dictionary Grammatik Expressio Reverso Corporate. My brother Gustaf joined newly forming cadets in Teheran, and was transferred to Palestine and then Egypt. The second wave of deportations by the Soviet occupational forces across the Kresy macroregion, affected 300,000 to 330,000 Poles, sent primarily to Kazakhstan. And so it was that my sister Nadzieja (NB the name means Hope) became a nurse helping to look after the sick and then wounded as she became part of the 2nd Polish Corps under General Anders. But, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of forced collectivisation. [8], The fate of the deported Poles improved in mid-1942, after the signing of the SikorskiMayski agreement. The resultant stench was horrendous. If at any time you want to unsubscribe, you only just have to click the link that you will find at the bottom of each newsletter. Lww University and many other schools were reopened soon, but they were to operate as Soviet institutions rather than continue their former legacy. Just one hole in the floor for toiletary purposes. There was a kindergarten, a men's school, a women's school, and a middle school. Nevertheless, red and common disentery raged. Prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, 3 million three hundred thousand Jews lived in Poland By 1945 only 300,000 survived. [28] Those refugees who opted out were threatened with repatriation to German-controlled territories of Poland. About one third of the civilians were children. I do not recall why we did not get any help from anybody. [3][5], Approximately 100,000 Polish citizens were arrested during the two years of Soviet occupation. (S 6/02/Zk)", REPRESJE 1939-41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich, "Formy, skala i konsekwencje sowieckich represji wobec Polakw w latach 1939-1941", Represje 1939-41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich, "Ivan Franko National University of L'viv", The establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949 By Norman Naimark, "Wyzwoliciele czy okupanci? You will not receive any email related to other purposes. In the event that you consider anything on this page to be in breach of the site's House Rules, please click here. POLES DEPORTED TO SIBERIA IN THE YEARS 1940-1945. As the new border between the postwar Poland and the Soviet Union along the Curzon Line (requested by Stalin at Yalta) has been ratified, the ensuing population exchange affected about 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews) as well as close to half a million ethnic Ukrainians. My lungs were also affected, a condition which has dogged me all my life. One of the administrators lived in a building that also had a community centre where films were shown. This book is a collection of individual stories written by survivors of the Polish genocide during the Second World War. The government of Mexico did not finance their staymoney came from the funds of a special Polish-British-American committee. We were not first the Poles in Africa. (as of 1 April 1941). It has been seventy years since as many as 2 million Poles were deported against their will to some of the most inhospitable regions in the world: Siberia, Kazakhstan, and parts of Soviet Asia. Two letters, one from Berlin and another from Vienna, are mentioned in the February 1940 correspondence from Yevgeny Chekmenyov, of Moscows Department of Resettlement, to Viatcheslav Molotov, then foreign minister and head of the Soviet government. This was due to the inhuman condition in which we lived severe frost, hunger, fear, lack of any medical attention and hard work causing all kinds of illnesses. During the unrest in 1905 he was deported to Siberia by the Tsarist authorities. Families housed in communal barracks had to endure undescribable living conditions, when people were dying every day from a variety of causes. Wiesawa Paskiewicz, who stayed at Kolhapur, wrote: "Our daily activities were marked by school, church and scouting. Forty-five new faculty members were assigned to Lww, transferred from other institutions of Soviet Ukraine, mainly the Kharkiv and Kiev universities. The over-riding feeling was that of perpetual hunger and fear. Living in Africa was very difficult for the Poles who were unfamiliar with local customs and languages and were not used to tropical weather. The Indian government agreed to host 10,000 Polish refugees, including 5,000 orphans. They immediately set about That is where I went to Polish school for the first time in my life. The eastern half of Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union. Between March 24 and April 4, 33,069 soldiers left the Soviet Union for Iran, as well as 10,789 civilians, including 3,100 children. How did Poles deported to Russia in World War 2 escape, to fight on? [11] There were also 336,000 refugees from areas occupied by Germany, most of them Jews (198,000). The main street of the camp was named after General Tadeusz Br-Komorowski. [15] 22,000 Polish military personnel and civilians were killed in the Katyn massacre,[2][19] but thousands of others were victims of NKVD massacres of prisoners in mid-1941, before the German advance across the Soviet occupation zone. 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