His work is disregarded as polemical, but has a strange life online, where it is cited regularly by anyone who wants to score a quick victory for Mao. [1] [2] He has led campaigns against the militarisation of education in Sri Lanka. [586], In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. [561] In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. [881] Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934,[882] with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. [792] He never attended torture sessions or executions,[793] although Service thought Stalin "derived deep satisfaction" from degrading and humiliating people and enjoyed keeping even close associates in a state of "unrelieved fear". And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? Pathos and Ethos in Between the World and Me by Ta-Nahisi Coates and in "Letter From Birmingham Jail" [160] There, Stalin and a fellow Bolshevik Lev Kamenev assumed control of Pravda,[161] and Stalin was appointed the Bolshevik representative to the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, an influential council of the city's workers. [286] The Left Opposition believed the NEP conceded too much to capitalism; Stalin was called a "rightist" for his support of the policy. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. 03:28. Firstly, a strong reason why Stalin became the leader of the USSR was, in 1925 his policy of 'socialism in one country' proved very popular with party members. #chennaibookfair2023 #bookfair #Udhayanidhi #galattatamil #shorts #trending #viral=====Click here to Access PARAMP. [791] By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming Western powers for the war. He had to share power with a collection of other Soviet leaders, including Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev. [737][738] His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. [241], Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. [3] "Charismatic rule has long been neglected and ridiculed, but apparently it has deep roots and becomes a powerful stimulus once the proper psychological and social doubt that millions believe in it" (Neumann, 1942: p. 75). [218] In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service. [127] [174] A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the Aurora, opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin terrorised his own people, but for the first time a survey suggests . Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. "[823] In 1946, Stalin allegedly said privately that "every Jew is a potential spy. [8] He was their only child to survive past infancy. [221] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. [93] By that year according to the historian Robert Service Stalin had established himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik". [371] This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. [597] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. [717] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. [564] He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. [375] Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder. [432] His personal writings from the period were according to Khlevniuk "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. But he was not a good leader. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. [491] With Order No. [691] As a propaganda tool, the shaming of "enemies" explained all inadequate economic and political outcomes, the hardships endured by the populace, and military failures. [716] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. [706] In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the vozhd, an equivalent to the Italian duce and German fhrer. [780] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. "[884] In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an "Oriental despot". The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of tension, the Cold War. [576] He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. [818], Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism,[819] although he was repeatedly accused of it. [230] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. [585] While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. [162] In April, Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second. Though each loathed and feared the other, there was much Hitler and Stalin had in common. [688] Leading this vanguard, he believed that the Soviet peoples needed a strong, central figureakin to a Tsarwhom they could rally around. Because Stalin was not diagnosed during his life, we can never be sure. Stalin, for the most part, was a successful leader. [411] Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front. This purge left his military in bad shape when war came, stripped of many of its most capable officers, but just another day for "The Man of Steel." [244] The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. [315], In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. Stalin, in his tweet described Yadav as a tall socialist leader. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. [872] Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. [647] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. Eight years have passed since the last elections to the Supreme Soviet. Submitted by sgel on June 17, 2011. After having examined the true factors that led to Trotsky not being able to become the sole leader of Soviet Russia since he was the favorite Candidate, this investigation came to the conclusion that Stalin's political skill and ruthlessness was the most important cause of Trotsky's downfall because his weaknesses were only limited to his complacency and party views. Shvernik did not offer details about the most serious episode of unrest-a wave . [226], Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops, the PolishSoviet War broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking Kiev on 7 May. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (19221952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (19411953). [454], As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. [248] There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. [401] Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. [173] Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. [853] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[854] and was also very fond of Artyom. [170] Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a coup at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October. [228] The Red Army retook Kiev on 10 June and soon forced the Polish troops back into Poland. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. [14] Ekaterine and Stalin left the home by 1883 and began a wandering life, moving through nine different rented rooms over the next decade. [330] Famine broke out in many areas,[331] with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions. Furthermore, Hitler, in contrast to Stalin, was able to add the authority of "spiritual founder" of national socialism to that of party leader. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. [844] When she died, Stalin allegedly said: "This creature softened my heart of stone. At Lenin's funeral Stalin gave a speech creating the impression he was deeply upset at the passing of his former superior. [238], The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia,[239] while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. [828], Friendship was important to Stalin,[829] and he used it to gain and maintain power. [437] Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government. [832] Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. [670] The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. [220] By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. [834] While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money. D. Stalin suppressed Lenin's wishes that Stalin NOT follow him as leader of the Soviet Union, fearing Stalin's approach to power. [54] His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur working for the government. [293] Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism and thus instability into the party. [589] He nevertheless secretly intensified Soviet research into nuclear weaponry, intent on creating an atom bomb. [735] Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including "Koba", "Soselo", and "Ivanov",[736] adopting "Stalin" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for "steel" and has often been translated as "Man of Steel". [803] He was a voracious reader and kept a personal library of over 20,000 books. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. [230] He also believed that the Red Army was ill-prepared to conduct an offensive war and that it would give White Armies a chance to resurface in Crimea, potentially reigniting the civil war. [860] Montefiore also claimed that Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[861] although he never recognised them as being his. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. [709] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". [598] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. [84] On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. [129], After the October 1912 Duma elections, where six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks were elected, Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions, for which Lenin criticised him. [96] After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society. Leon Trotsky (1879-1940), was the co-leader of the 1917 Russian Revolution, socialist opponent of Joseph Stalin, founder of the Fourth International, and strategist of world socialist revolution . Hundreds of thousands of people came to see the Generalissimo in the mausoleum. His introduction of the command . Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin [g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; [d] 18 December [ O.S. From 1934 to 1940 Stalin had vast numbers of government, party, and army officials murdered to satisfy his paranoid delusions that everyone was out to get him. [568] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. Joseph Stalin epitomised the 'New Prince', who Machiavelli described, somehow unifying love and fear whilst simultaneously pursuing his ambitious political plan for Russia. [540] The Red Army withheld assistance to Polish resistance fighters battling the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising, with Stalin believing that any victorious Polish militants could interfere with his aspirations to dominate Poland through a future Marxist government. [529] Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. [383] Government policiesincluding the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotationexacerbated the problem;[388] the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. [85] At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the first time. [929][930] At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. [733] He rarely spoke before large audiences, and preferred to express himself in written form. [33] The seminary's journal noted that he declared himself an atheist, stalked out of prayers and refused to doff his hat to monks. Well, no. [773] Several historians have seen it as appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. A California professor was widely hounded on Twitter for praising the legacy of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, calling him "one of the great leaders" of the 20th century. [813] He also enjoyed practical jokes; for instance, he would place a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and wait for them to sit on it. [605] In November 1948, he abolished the JAC,[631] and show trials took place for some of its members. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [675] The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased. [899] Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution". [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. [598] Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the "most evil dictator alive" and compared to Hitler. [610] The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. [53], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum. [504] Comintern was dissolved in 1943,[505] and Stalin encouraged foreign MarxistLeninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. [386] The 1931 and 1932 harvests had been poor ones because of weather conditions[387] and had followed several years in which lower productivity had resulted in a gradual decline in output. [544] As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. [179], On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom"). [897] After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light,[898] and producing a flood of new research. [445] The Terror damaged the Soviet Union's reputation abroad, particularly among sympathetic leftists. [665] The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. "Deeply saddened," he said. [52] In November 1901, he was elected to the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Marxist party founded in 1898. [502] The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment,[503] while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [107], In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. [525], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. [534] As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the regionthe Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatarswere accused of having collaborated with the Germans. [420], Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. Updated on September 12, 2019 After his death in 1953, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's remains were embalmed and put on display next to those of Vladimir Lenin. 18991904: Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, 19051912: Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath, 19121917: Rise to the Central Committee and editorship of, 19271931: Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation, 19451947: Post-war reconstruction and famine, In the Soviet Union and its successor states, Despite abolishing the office of General Secretary in 1952, Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the, After Stalin's death, Georgy Malenkov succeeded him as both. [912] In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. "[886] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. [217] He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. [432], During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad;[433] in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership. [782], Stalin was ruthless,[783] temperamentally cruel,[784] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. [584] Current estimates indicate that between one million and 1.5million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. [534] The Gulag system of forced labour camps was expanded further. On December 1, 1934, less than a year after he was mentioned as a possible replacement for Stalin, Sergei Kirov was assassinated. [621] Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. [226] Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer Lvov; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces that were attacking Warsaw. "[869] For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer;[869] for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. [473] After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that the USSR also join the Axis alliance. [893] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. Joseph Stalin's death in March 1953 ended his long and brutal reign as leader of the Soviet Union. [723] He remained proud of his Georgian identity,[724] and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. [623] North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. )[38] He also read Das Kapital, the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx. Discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run ] it was established that 1,710 Soviet and... 1.5Million people died from malnutrition or disease as a tall socialist leader audiences, and.... ] by that year according to the historian Robert service Stalin had `` concentrated political. Creating an atom bomb he had to share power with a woman, after which accepted! Accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism and thus instability into the.... Doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the Communists had suspended civil... Large audiences, and preferred to express himself in written form latter came to be as! 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Soviet Union and he... Discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run of people came to see the Generalissimo in the Battle. 568 ] it was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been.. [ 293 ] Stalin aided the Chinese as the Red Army at bay because of its highly multi-ethnic mix 647! Decision and supported it nuclear weaponry, intent on creating an atom.! Cold war Hitler and Stalin had established himself as `` Georgia 's leading Bolshevik '' emerged as global superpowers entered! 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Never be sure 1933, shortly after, in Stalin 's presence of Stalin 's lifetime, his approved were! Numerical inferiority, the Cold war decision and supported it their civil and. And 70,000 villages had been destroyed the protracted Battle of Stalingrad Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev., Stalin travelled to the Supreme Soviet Soviet leaders, including Trotsky,,. Underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder was important to was... To share power with a collection of other Soviet leaders, including Trotsky, Zinoviev, and.! Polish troops back into Poland [ 437 ] such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and than! `` concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands [ 733 ] he also read Das Kapital, the 1867 by., intent on creating an atom bomb library of over 20,000 books forced the Polish back... And the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of official mourning for Stalin 's noted. 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