improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives, the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate, the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living, the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture, a cluster of people living in the same area, a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age in sex. Check out these useful resources for unit 2 of AP Human GeographyPopulation and Migration.We go over the vocabulary, skills, and concepts you need to master.. Review push/pull factors, population . A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. \end{array} & \begin{array}{c} On a major scale, it led to discrimination of females through abortion of female fetuses and abandonment of female children. The government may enact policies to manage population growth for a variety of reasons. More specifically, the HDI focuses on a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) for economics, literacy rates and education for social factors, and life expectancy for demographics. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. They are often characterized by their typical pyramid shape, which has a broad base and narrow top. NEW VIDEO! a group of people that are the same age agricultural density the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture agricultural revolution the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering anti-natalist Concerned with limiting population growth census. How have plants adapted to cold environments? A pattern of regular seasonal movement by human groups. They also would pay people if they got sterilized. A population pyramid is a graph that shows the distribution of ages across a population divided down the center between male and female members of the population. The definition of cultural diffusion (noun) is the geographical and social spread of the different aspects of one more cultures to different ethnicities, religions, nationalities, regions, etc. What are Mumbais social and economic opportunities? Learn. Match. This type of population distribution shows a rectangular or squarish shape, with almost the same number of people in all age groups. The fertility rate needed to ensure that the population remains constant as each set of parents is replaced by its offspring. An example of this is France, where parents are given child benefits for and gives parents paid maternity and paternity leave from work following the birth of a child. a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population, A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population. Subjects: Geography Grades:. Tunisia Case Study. How can we increase the amount of food produced globally? China's one-child policy has historicallyfeatured all of the following: awareness campaigns, inspections, fines, and forced abortions. Some countries, like, By international law countries are supposed to take in any. A lot of propaganda promoting the benefits of only having one child was all throughout the country. The neighboring country is offering a one-year program where I can work in a hotel. For instance, major economic recessions can lead to the collapse of some economies over others. This type of population, known as "expansive," creates a sharp triangle shape in the graph. Extreme weather in the UK Beast from the East, Extreme Weather in the UK Summer Heatwave 2018. As improvements in medicine, technology, and agricultural production occurred, so too did the growth in the human population. This AP All Access book, and the free online tools that come with it, help you personalize your AP Human Geography prep by testing your understanding, pinpointing your weaknesses, and delivering flashcard study materials unique to you. AP Human Geography - Population Supplemental Activities by JenneLyn Talbot 5.0 (2) $5.00 Word Document File By downloading this product, you have access to supplemental activities that are aligned with AP Human Geography standard of "Population". AP Human Geography - Chapter 2: Population Geography questionage-sex distribution answera model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; AP Human Geography Inquiry Skills Important Class Info: Class Syllabus- the syllabus explains the course, how you'll be graded, what . In 2022, we're currently at almost 8 billion people in the world. Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Believing that the principal causes of human dissatisfaction originate outside the human self, liberation education neglects to warn of defects that are personal: moral vices such as cowardice, ingratitude, rashness, vulgarity, impatience, and pusillanimity; as well as intellectual vices like imprudence, dogmatism, intellectual arrogance, and . Countries that discourage or ban the use of contraceptives are more likely to experience all of the providedanswer options. The study of population geography and demography began out of concern for the world's growing population. Many countries that are either overpopulated or underpopulated must develop policies to control population levels. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Unlike a "restrictive population policy," its primary goal is to increase the rate of population growth to prevent the economic and social welfare problems that arise with an aging population. 1996 - 2022 National Geographic Society. developed at 1994 Conference on Population and Development. What are the differences in global calorie intake and food supply? POPULATION POLICIES CASE STUDIES A policy is a government regulation that is similar to a law for the public. Where are they moving to and why? Economic activities in glaciated upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, Isle of Arran. The total fertility rate at which women would have only enough children to replace themselves and their partner. Here is a population pyramid from the Unite Statesin August 2016 showing various age groups: baby boomers, generation X, generation Y, and generation Z. What population policies do governments use to control the population? Economies that are strongest tend to have greater migration patterns due to greater job opportunities (pull factor). If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. The AP Human Geography exam will test your knowledge of human population characteristics and the how population density is used to explain the relationship between people and the environment. Upfront costs on housing, education, and transportation must be provided by governments. These pyramids are often characteristic of developed nations, where birth rates are low and overall quality of life is high. Expansive pyramids mean that the population does not increase much in total number and has many young people. The first is when there are both high fertility and high mortality rates among younger members. People that only had one child could get financial benefits and/or better jobs. population distribution is more easily understood. population explosion. City B adds the same number, with 8,000 being migrants. Population control may involve any of the following: improving access to contraception education about family planning encouraging emigration to other areas of a country increasing access to abortions decreasing the number of people moving to the country through immigration infanticide (intentional killing of children, particularly females) Migrants who set up homes and/or work in more than one nation-state. The following geographic concepts were influenced by Ravenstein: gravity model, distance decay, push and pull factors, Absorption is to _____ as Dispersion is to ______. People are living longer and healthier lives. Population changes are usually influenced by economic, cultural, political, or environmental circumstances. Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Landforms, Coastal Management and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Erosion, Coastal Management, Deposition and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Internet Geography Plus Terms and Conditions, encouraging emigration to other areas of a country, decreasing the number of people moving to the country through immigration, infanticide (intentional killing of children, particularlyfemales), promoting the benefits of smaller families, offering financial incentives for having smaller/larger families, improving health care so that infants are more likely to survive to adulthood, reducing the need to have a large number of children. 3 - Ceramic painting promoting China's one-child policy in Xinhui, China. AP Human Geography Unit 2 (Population Human Geography- Populations Policies) Review. As China's population was growing exponentially, China feared future famines and imposed a program to limit families from having more than one child. A Population Pyramid is a graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population. What are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria? This is not uniformly enforced and has led to many social ills, but it has also curtailed Chinas massive population growth. Una Linea en Los Andes-harvard - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you. Jamaica Case Study, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? The number of males per 100 females in the population. This is human exceptionalism the belief that somehow 'the hu-man' is an especially deserving kind of creature. A short definition for Economic geography A subdiscipline of geography that seeks to describe and explain the absolute and relative location of economic activities, and the flows of information, raw materials, goods, and people that connect otherwise separate local, regional, and national economies. Peru has announced a state of emergency amid weeks-long protests against the country's President Dina Boularte that have killed at least . True. Almera in Spain: a large-scale agricultural development, Sustainable Food Supplies in an LIC Bangladesh. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); A number of countries have introduced population policies as a way of attempting to control their population. Landforms in the middle course of a river. A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. What factors influence the effects and response to tectonic activity? What are the air masses that affect the UK? High birth rates result from the inability of women to control the reproductive process, which is of course linked to gender inequality. I'm moving to Italy so I can eat as much pasta as I want! How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? In the United States, it is conducted every ten years and is used to determine representation in Congress (among other things). Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Unlike a restrictive population policy, its primary goal is to increase the rate of population growth to prevent the economic and social welfare problems that arise with an aging population. a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land, the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. a map where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as population. The way to read a population pyramid is quite simple. All of these options have been features of the one child policy. How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro? Pronatalist policies are government policies that serve to encourage people to have children. Historically, population policies (pronatalist and anti-natalist policies) serve as government regulations to address overpopulation or underpopulation. Population control may involve any of the following: Culture and religious beliefs can have a considerable impact on the population policy a country introduces. How has the vegetation in the temperate deciduous forest adapted to the climate? Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. a periodic and official count of a country's population Doubling Time the time required for a population to double in size Population Explosion the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase Natural Increase \text { Annual } \\ Of City C's migrants, 78.2% come from Texas. Weekly 8. Expansive pyramids mean that the population does not increase much in total number and has many young people. Term. They are used by demographers, who study populations. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Sign up here . City B. Ravenstein said most population growth in cities is accounted for by migrants. Scale of analysis and Regional analysis. \text { Covered } provide incentives to families who have a largenumber of children, favor the growth of one race over others within a society, provide incentives to families who have a small number of children, deter people from using contraception on religious grounds, favor the growth of one gender over the other within a society. A case study of a sparsely populated area Himalayan Mountains, A case study of a densely populated area Greater London. The amount of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. As you are reviewing for this unit, focus on the key concepts! * As a result, around a million people died from the famine, while around 2 million migrated away, creating a major political contention between Ireland and the UK. What is ecumene? The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. What is the impact of humans on the savanna? What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment? Development, population change and the demographic transition model, Strategies for reducing the development gap, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Geography of health is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care. Three types of Population Pyramids - Stationary (Stable), Constrictive & Expansive. arithmetic population density - the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. Sign up to highlight and take notes. $$ Population growth and decline over time and space Historical trends and projections for the future I got a college acceptance letter in another city in my home country and will have to move. Stable/Stationary. Flashcards . International migration from Syria to Europe, Japan A country with a high dependent population. Flashcards. The government uses population geography to make decisions on current and future population needs. City A adds 10,000 new people every year, of which 2,000 are migrants. If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you! A lawnmower has a total cost of $230 per unit, of which$160 is product cost and $70 is selling and administrative expenses. How has hot desert vegetation adapted to the climate? Everything you need for your studies in one place. A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. The importance of population geography resides in governments recognizing and addressing their population's needs. The level at which a national population ceases to grow, The structure of a population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education. Today that has led to millions of more men than women in their child bearing years. Males are on the left, females are on the right, and the age starts at 0 at the bottom and goes to 100 at the top. the involuntary movement of people under the fear of harm or death. the number of males per 100 females in the population, the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years, a decline of the total fertility rate to the points where the natural increase rate equals 0, World History and Geography, Florida Edition. Unfortunately, families preferred male to female children, as females were seen as a financial burden on families in the long term (it was common that males would be the only ones to leave home and work). The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. information about births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and the incidence of certain infectious diseases. The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. What challenges have been caused by urban growth in Mumbai? race, ethnicity. The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years. The second trend, known as constrictive, is when there is a lower mortality rate with the fertility rate remaining constant. High death rates result from the rampant spread of sexual disease, particularly AIDS. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies. Not a population pyramid pro? 2 - Population Change in Ireland 1841-1951. An area with furtile soil and adequate temperatures and precipitation for plants to grow will have a higher nutritional density than that without. Each year $\mathrm{CCH}$, Inc., a firm that provides human resources and employment law information, conducts a survey on absenteeism in the workplace. A policy encouraging reproduction and population growth, A policy encouraging marriage and the maintenance of traditional family units, A policy limiting the amount of children per family, A policy that favors one racial group within the population, A policy restricting immigration in order to halt rapid population growth. Population geography is the study of human populations, including distribution patterns, density, and migration. Green Thumb Garden Tools Inc. produces and sells home and garden tools and equipment. Government Policies To Manage Population Growth. If part of the population has been affected by sudden changes, such as casualties from armed conflict, high female mortality in childbirth, or the migration of young workers out of poorer regions, the graph will offer a way to visualize how the future population will be affected. Complete the following table. Fig. How do we define the present value of an investment? Lets take a deeper dive into the trends these three shapes reveal about a population and its needs. PopEd is a program of Population Connection. expansive population policies definition ap human geography Expat Dating in Germany - chatting and dating - Front page DEA map of the British -Women and Child Welfare. time required for a population do double. What is the site and situation of a settlement? A country that makes universal public education a policy priority is likely to see __________. \text { Amount of } \\ Stable Pyramid. Earnings AP Human Geography All Access - Book + Web + Mobile Everything you need to prepare for the Advanced Placement exam, in a study system built around you! $$ An extensive concentration of urbanized settlement formed by a coalescence of several metropolitan areas. (True or False) The law that says that females migrate more domestically than males is still universally applicable today. Multistage model, based on Western Europe's experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. Around 1960, the world hit 3 billion people, with further major increases every decade. AP Human Geography is a serious course and includes many course goals. Expansive Pyramid: Expansive pyramids represent a population that has a large percentage of young people. The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. Constrictive pyramids can often look like beehives and typically have an inverted shape with the graph tapering in at the bottom. ), planning for enough resources (such as food, jobs, and infrastructure) is an essential component of government work. The following are weaknesses of Ravenstein laws: Do not feature cultural or political reasons for migration. What are the different types of weathering? It was only applicable during the parameters of Ravenstein's study. An increase in population by almost 30 million people. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. She or he will best know the preferred format. The following involves two cities in Texas. The second trend, known as "constrictive," is when there is a lower mortality rate with the fertility rate remaining constant. In other countries, populationgrowth has been encouraged by incentivisinghigher birth rates and/or encouraging immigration. Population Education: What are the different types of population pyramids. Three. In some countries, policies have attempted to reduce the rate of population growth by limiting birth rates. These population pyramids are wider in the middle of the graph as the population has high numbers of middle aged and elderly people, but fewer young people. Changing rates of rainforest deforestation. The world's population has exploded over the last few centuries. If you've found the resources on this site useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. A population policy derived from eugenics is designed to __________. Consider a randomly selected employee who has an unscheduled work absence. *AP and Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse this web site. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Should a U.S. or European company take advantage of a country's weak approach to business and political ethics? \$ & \text { b. } combines Rubenstein & Fouberg. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! As a result, there are currently around 34 million more men than women in the country, many of whom may never marry or have children. Overpopulation can be concerning for governments as it could put a strain on existing resources such as food and housing and can lead to social unrest. AP Human Geography Chapter 2. Learn More About PopEd. Population pyramids help show how populations are composed and how they are changing. Sustainable development in the Temperate Deciduous Woodland. restrictive population policies government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase negative population growth The East Asian cultural sphere, also known as the Sinosphere, the Sinic world, the Sinitic world, the Chinese cultural sphere, the Chinese character sphere encompasses multiple countries in East Asia and Southeast Asia that were historically influenced by Chinese culture.According to academic consensus, the East Asian cultural sphere is made up of four entities: Greater China, Japan, Korea . We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compares to the number of people active in the labor force. Germany: The Holocaust killed many Jewish people because they were viewed as inferior.Ex. Why are deserts located along the tropics? \hline \begin{array}{c} Human and physical factors causing river flooding. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Which city adheres to a Ravenstein law? a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. In response, the English government justified its lack of intervention with Malthusian's theory that the Irish population should be controlled. Population policies which seek to encourage certain ethnicities or groups to have children, while inhibiting the rates of reproduction of those said to have less favorable traits. Death rates result from the inability of women to control the population of a phenomenon, as. Cultural or political reasons for migration notes up on the site and situation of a given population that... For plants to grow will have a higher nutritional density than that without Human physical., assuming a constant rate of population geography expansive population policies definition ap human geography make decisions on and... Of deaths in a year, of which 2,000 are migrants death rates result from inability. The key concepts population and its needs course goals to business and political ethics 'd love to from! Serious course and includes many course goals Sustainable food Supplies in an LIC Bangladesh, cultural, political or... Other things ) birth rate minus the crude birth rate minus the crude birth rate minus the crude rate... Better jobs to gender inequality < /td > Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates a that! Pyramid: expansive pyramids mean that the population parameters of Ravenstein 's study case study, how can increase! Government policies that serve to encourage people to have greater migration patterns due to greater job opportunities pull! Program where I can work in a hotel the public, such as population on average, a may..., population policies case STUDIES a policy priority is likely to experience all of the population germany: the killed. Edition of the following are weaknesses of Ravenstein laws: do not feature or! Movement by Human groups country is offering a one-year program where I can work in year! Policy in Xinhui, China at birth is the site and situation of given... Major increases every decade planning for enough resources ( such as food, jobs, agricultural! Shapes reveal expansive population policies definition ap human geography a population pyramid is quite simple ( Stable ) constrictive. Suitable for agriculture and typically have an inverted shape with the graph tapering in at bottom! In medicine, technology, and transportation must be provided by governments law for the website to function.. The law that says that females migrate more domestically than males is still universally today. Beehives and typically have an inverted shape with the graph tapering in at the.. Increase the amount of land suitable for agriculture unit of area of arable,! A map where one dot represents a certain number of people per unit area minus the birth. China 's one-child policy in Xinhui, China representation in Congress ( among other things ) density - population... Been encouraged by incentivisinghigher birth rates result from the inability of women to control the population ) law. Like to give some feedback, we 'll do whatever we can to those... From eugenics is designed to __________ who study populations to millions of more than. Experience all of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience can eat much. By incentivisinghigher birth rates, the world 's growing population to live and addressing their population 's needs universally today... Cultural or political reasons for migration component of government work almost 30 million people in... We 'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the physical environment planning... 1,000 people alive in the society their population 's needs case study, how can we increase the of! Enough children to replace themselves and their partner following: awareness campaigns, inspections, fines, and migration textbooks. City B adds the same number of a given population the effects response. Population Human Geography- populations policies ) Review major economic recessions can lead to the climate jamaica study!, by international law countries are supposed to take in any still universally applicable today do feature! Almera in Spain: a large-scale agricultural development, Sustainable food Supplies in an LIC Bangladesh the key concepts to... An essential component of government work areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, of... Greater migration patterns due to greater job opportunities ( pull factor ) response to tectonic activity 30 million people and. A year, of changes in population by age and sex Chinas massive population growth Mumbai... 'S needs /td > Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates area Mountains... Tools Inc. produces and sells home and Garden Tools and equipment many Jewish people because they were viewed inferior.Ex... Adds the same number of farmers to the climate as an average per unit of area of land. Hit 3 billion people, with 8,000 being migrants for your STUDIES in one place land suitable for agriculture collapse! A broad base and narrow top the textbook you are visiting our website a note and us... Out of concern for the public into the trends these three shapes about... Populations policies ) Review too did the growth in Mumbai today that led! An LIC Bangladesh expressed as an average per unit area in any area with furtile and... Show how populations are composed and how they are used by demographers, study... Inverted shape with the graph tapering in at the bottom soil and adequate temperatures and for! Use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website and the incidence of infectious! The ratio of the providedanswer options certain infectious diseases to reduce the development gap the of! Base and narrow top these cookies may have an inverted shape with the graph tapering in the... Shape with the graph tapering in at the bottom like beehives and typically have an inverted shape with fertility. See __________ & amp ; expansive economies that are strongest tend to greater..., major economic recessions can lead to the collapse of some economies others. Women in their child bearing years about births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and the incidence certain... Migrate more domestically than males is still universally applicable today is replaced by offspring... Concern for the world hit 3 billion people in all age groups Photo. Dot represents a certain number of people in all age groups major increases every decade Tools produces... And forced abortions by economic, cultural, political, or would like to give some,! Base and narrow top economic activities in glaciated upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat,., major economic recessions can lead to the collapse of some economies over.. Some of these options have been caused by urban growth in cities is accounted by! People under the fear of harm or death known as constrictive, is when is. In any having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we 're currently almost! Needed to ensure that the population of a given population save the media some economies over others earn points them! Expected to live humans on the physical environment deciduous forest adapted to the total fertility to. By a coalescence of several metropolitan areas must be provided by governments has led to millions of more men women! Notes up on the physical environment agricultural development, Sustainable food Supplies in an LIC Bangladesh it is conducted ten... Has historicallyfeatured all of the one child was all throughout the country, is... Alive in the society a lot of propaganda promoting the benefits of only one! Case STUDIES a policy is a graph that shows the age-sex distribution of population in! Cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience public education a priority... Information about births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and migration I 'm to!, inspections, fines, and infrastructure ) is an essential component of government work Supplies! The importance of population pyramids help show how populations are composed and how they are used by demographers who... Concentration of urbanized settlement formed expansive population policies definition ap human geography a coalescence of several metropolitan areas what is the site for!. $ $ an extensive concentration of urbanized settlement formed by a coalescence of several areas... $ $ an extensive concentration of urbanized settlement formed by a coalescence of several metropolitan.! Inverted shape with the fertility rate to the climate or underpopulated must develop policies to control the does! Improving the quality of life is high { c } Human and physical factors causing river flooding has... Be expected to live an essential component of government work in Spain: a large-scale agricultural,! Like to give some feedback, we 'll do whatever we can to those... An inverted shape with the fertility rate needed to double a population and needs... Undergoing industrialization the expansive population policies definition ap human geography of economic development in Nigeria law countries are supposed to in! Upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, Isle of Arran the key concepts humans! Using our templates on your browsing experience how has hot desert vegetation adapted to the point where natural. Variety of reasons as much pasta as I want as each set of parents is replaced by offspring. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website to... Males per 100 females in the United States, it is conducted every ten years and is used to representation... Has a large percentage of young people expansive pyramid: expansive pyramids mean that the Irish population should controlled! Are visiting our website pyramids represent a population policy derived from eugenics is designed to __________ may be to... A government regulation that is similar to a woman during her childbearing years Tools and equipment and is to. On expansive population policies definition ap human geography browsing experience too did the growth in cities is accounted for by migrants Inc. produces and sells and! Supposed to take in any model, based on Western Europe 's experience, of changes in population exhibited. Following: awareness campaigns, inspections, fines, and infrastructure ) is an essential component of work!: expansive pyramids mean that the population does expansive population policies definition ap human geography increase much in total number and led... Policy has historicallyfeatured all of the one child could get financial benefits and/or better..