Building Regulations 1984 is the law and regulates the way people and companies build. Generally, Sweden has adopted the EU harmonized system for classification of resistance to fire and reaction to fire. These regulations make a point that prevention is the first step against accidents that may involve fires. 1, Uniform Fire Code. Seven criteria define the European classification (Euroclasses) for building materials. A comparison of fire safety regulations across Europe shows that on the whole, most are more prescriptive than the UKs. Building codes and enforcement are a national competence. The reaction to fire of a material characterizes, among other things, its ability to be combustible and its ability to ignite. Fire authorities have powers of inspection and a range of enforcement powers. These incidents led to the first national fire safety regulation, the NBE CPI-82 (RD 1587/1982). Virtually every building, process, service, design, and installation in society today is affected by NFPA documents. Both methods are equally valid. 2) At the end of the works, submitting to Fire fighters a number of documents (certifications, declarations, etc. The method of documentation can also be a combination of the mentioned methods. But in Germany, it is the responsibility of the federal states. After a fire at Garnock Court, a tower block in Irvine in 1999, a series of reports led to a different policy from Englands. The reaction to fire of a material characterizes, among other things, its ability to be combustible and its ability to ignite. (a)provide that the regulator is the building control authority in relation to higher-risk buildings in England, and. For traditional buildings a set of prescriptive solutions for different building types are available. In cladding it is a simple choice: non combustible material or pass a test, SP Fire 105. Open menu. Each specialty project needs its own regulamentation and an advisory opinion from the respective entities that regulate them. The Buildings permission must be granted if a building meets all requirements of building code and additional building regulations. Fire regulations are set by Austrias federal states, but they are linked to national regulations known as OIB guidelines, which refer to subjects such as fire safety, fire in operational structures, garages, car parks, and tall buildings. Helps small, low-hazard service or retail businesses implement an emergency . Slovenia has adopted the EU harmonized system for classification of resistance to fire and reaction to fire. They are available for consultation and download at the National Emergency and Civil Protection Authoritywebsite. These regulations form the basis of occupational safety and health activity within companies. Prescribed design is used more frequently, according to Technical guideline TSG 1-001, Fire safety in buildings, which is published by the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning. ABOUT<br>I appreciate that you have spared your time to view my profile. The FSA 2021, and associated regulations, will provide a clearer path for enforcement action and prosecution against any Responsible Person who fails to comply with its obligations. When the structure is built the technician must apply to the same body for a certificato di prevenzione incendi before the building can be used. The OIB Guidelines are designed and handled as prescriptive fire safety design rules, but it is also possible to use performance based approaches. Guide pratique relatif la scurit incendie dans les parcs de stationnement couverts ouverts au public. Fire protection documentation shall be prepared. https://www.bauministerkonferenz.de/verzeichnis.aspx?id=991&o=7, Musterverwaltungsvorschriften Technische Baubestimmungen (MVV TB), Verordnung ber Bau von Betriebsrumen fr eletrische Analgen, Richtlinie ber den Bau und Betrieb von Hochhusern, Richtlinie ber den Brandschutz bei der Lagerung von Sekundrstoffen aus Kunststoff, Richtlinie zur Bemessung von Lschwasser-Rckhalteanlagen beim Lagern wassergefhrdenderStoffe, Other relevant documents regarding general fire safety regulations, Richtlinie ber brandschutztechnische Anforderungen an hochfeuer-hemmende Bauteile in Holzbauweise, Richtlinie ber brandschutztechnische Anforderungen an Systembden, Richtlinie ber automatische Schiebetren in Rettungswegen, Richtlinie ber elektrische Verriegelunbgssysteme von Tren in Rettungswegen, Richtlinie ber Flchen fr die Feuerwehr. Portuguese fire safety legislation defines clearly the fire resistance classes that construction elements of a building need to comply with, depending on the type of building and risk category. A certificate of compliance on completion is signed by the builder and the assigned certifier. All of these activities are considered as having a higher fire risk, and normally have a threshold: for example, commercial activities over 400 sqm, car parks over 300 sqm, hotels over 25 beds, civil buildings higher than 24 m. If an activity is under the threshold, its not subject to Fire fighters control and it only has to apply the safety at work rules, which include also a part about fire safety, with less requirements. The disco was in a building not approved for that activity. National fire regulations in relation to the use of wood in buildings in Europe, Update 2006, SP Trtek, 2006. The regulatory regime is a mixture of prescriptive requirement and performance based testing. Once the works are completed, it is necessary to present the documents proving the execution of the works as expected and in full compliance with legal requirements in order to be issued the License for Use. The building design includes drawings, descriptions and possibly calculations. In essence, this regulation indicates that the products to be installed must have some kind of quality certification, that the facilities must be designed according to the appropiate UNE standard, and that installers and maintainers must be specifically authorized to develop said functions. In addition, soni COMFORT offers excellent fire-resistance values. For nearly all buildings with a floor level above 7m, some proof of fire protection is needed. After a design has been built a private contractor certifies that the building meets the code. Today for performance based design it is mandatory to consider that a fire might break out in an existing building adjacent to the new public place, if that building has no fire alarm. Government Regulations. There are for the industrial field complementary regulations for petrol-oil installations, storage facilities for chemical products, thermal installations in buildings, high voltage networks, low voltage networks that among the security requirements to be considered, incorporate fire safety requirements. The fine does not exclude the possibility of further civil and criminal proceedings. These certificates must be submitted to the building control authority. France brought in strict laws for high rise and public buildings after a fire in an Isre night-club in 1970 killed 146 people and three years later 20 people died in a Paris secondary school. Fire resistance is the time during which building elements can play their role. But use a computer model to prove that burnable materials would be acceptable on a skyscraper? In this context, certified management systems offer clear advantages. Examples of specialty projects are: water and sewage networks project; power supply and distribution project; telephone and telecommunications installations project; gas installation project; ventilation, smoke exhaust and air conditioning project; fire safety project, among others. This takes into account inspection reports of the active and passive fire protection systems. The regulations for upholstered furniture are defined nationally and lead to very different safety levels across Europe. But in any case, it is possible to deviate from the prescriptive rules, if it is demonstrated by comprehensible and conclusive arguments that the required level of safety is achieved. 7.8.2012 regulates which documents have to be attached, depending on the activity. They clearly define the safety requirements to be implemented by the authors of architectural and specialty projects, as well as by the direction and supervision of the work in its implementation at the construction phase, by companies that sell or carry out installation and maintenance work on fire safety equipment and systems and by those responsible for the security of buildings in their operation phase. around 2000 individual members and 600 organisations as members). Regulation for products, installation, installers and maintainers of active fire protection systems: http://www.f2i2.net/documentos/lsi/RIPCI/Guia_Tecnica_Aplicacion_RIPCI_Rev_2.pdf. Spain has two main types of regulation of fire protection: for industrial buildings and for non-industrial buildings. The accident prevention regulations are legally binding upon the employers concerned and the insured individuals. Building Fire Safety Technical Regulation (Regulamento Tcnico de Segurana contra Incndio em Edifcios) published by Ordinance No. It is national law under the responsibility of the ministry of housing. And eventually prevent flashover, giving more time to escape. In 2009 a fire at Lakanal House, a housing complex in south London, killed six people. Even before Grenfell, pressure was growing to review the building regulations. There are two ways to design a building that satisfies the requirements; prescribed design and performance based design. Often the majority of the fire safety design is based on prescriptive solutions. Fire resistance is the time during which building elements can play their role. It is just a declaration of selected properties described in the product standard. Several of the recommendations were directed towards management at the Government level, which required a change in the relevant fire safety-related laws. Building Regulations, The reaction to fire of a material characterizes, among other things, its ability to be combustible and its ability to ignite. This shall include information about the preconditions for the fire protection and how the constructed buildings fire protection is designed, along with verification that the fire protection complies with the requirements in Boverket s mandatory provisions and general recommendations on the application of European construction standards (Eurocodes), EKS. In case of some deviations from the existing fire regulations, a fire protection verification or fire protection concept is required, established by a fire protection expert and checked by the local construction supervisory authorities or by an approved fire protection expert. Fire safety is considered at the detailed design stage, after planning permission has been granted. Hence if the building is too complex and the prescriptive solutions do no apply larger part of the fire safety design is based on performance based design. the functions and uses of buildings; The objective of the German occupational safety and health act (ArbSchG) is to assure and improve the safety and health of all employees at work by means of suitable OSH measures. To ensure that buildings are designed and constructed in accordance with relevant regulations, the developer of the building should at an early stage consider the need for the relevant competency for the respective tasks which together with the conditions for the design and construction are presented to local authorities to form the basis of the inspection plan. buildings according to their height and their construction date; Regional authorities are in charge of regulations related to urban planning and building permits. A qualitative assessment may be used as a verification method if the deviations from the prescriptive design are limited. ); other relevant technical systems (eg. 8903/2020, of 17 september (Despacho n 8903/2020 de 17 de setembro), Technical Note 9Passive Protection Systems Sealing gaps, openings for the passage of cabling and ducts, Technical Note 10Passive Protection Systems Fire doors, Technical Note 12 Automatic Fire Detection Systems, Technical Note 13 Wet and dry nets Order N 8904/2020, of 17 september (Despacho n 8904/2020, de 17 de setembro), Technical Note 14 Sources of water supply for the fire service systems Order N 8902/2020, of 17 september (Despacho n 8902/2020, de 17 de setembro), Technical Note 15 Pumping stations for the fire servicesystems Order N 8905/2020, of 17 september (Despacho n 8905/2020, de 17 de setembro), Technical Note 16 Automatic water fire extinguishing systems Order No. Either it will check the project or the developer can use a private contractor approved by the municipality. Link to Decree-Law No. This means that the guidelines are designed as prescriptive fire safety design rules, which should be followed to show the applicability and approvability of a fire safety design to the local building authorities. 123/2019, of 18 october(Lei n 123/2019, de 18 de outubro), which amended forthe third time the Decree-Law No. fire resistance of bearing and separating structures (pillars, beams, walls, doors, shutters, bags, collars, etc. Regulation for the provision of fire protection means: Buildings with Industrial Use: Reglamento de Seguridad contra Incendios en Establecimientos Industriales, RD 2267/2004. The UK is not alone in allowing private companies to certify fire safety. DCPREV 5043 del 15 aprile 2013. I am happy with this. Grenfell Tower was built in 1974 so did not have any installed. The OIB Guidelines serve to harmonise the construction engineering regulations in Austria. Other regulations on Industrial safety that include important prescriptions in the field of fire: http://www.f2i2.net/documentos/lsi/Dis_2975.pdf, http://www.f2i2.net/documentos/lsi/dis_6081.pdf. If a building is placed in fire class 2-4 a certified fire safety engineer is responsible for the fire safety design of the building. Austria has adopted the EU harmonized system for classification of resistance to fire and reaction to fire. Also, the regulations will require responsible persons in multi-occupied residential buildings which are high-rise buildings [footnote 1], as well as those above 11 metres in height, to provide additional safety measures. The Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 have been introduced to expand the duties of Responsible Persons for multi-occupied residential buildings, as well as ensuring that: fire and rescue . https://www.oib.or.at/de/kennzeichnung-und-zulassung-von-bauprodukten/baustofflisten/baustoffliste-%C3%B6. In 1977 a hospital in Seville caught fire and although no one died more than 300 children had to be evacuated. The Firefighting and Fire Protection Standards Committee (FNFW) has developed from the "Department for standardization of firefighting equipment in the Standards Committee of the German Industry" which was founded back in the year 1920. (2)Part 2 contains provision about the building safety regulator and its functions in relation to buildings in England. Perhaps the most fundamental divide is prescriptive rules versus performance testing. The possibility to deviate from prescriptive rules is intended to ensure the necessary flexibility for innovative architectural and technical solutions. All special buildings must be rechecked from time to time. Revised requirements concerning fire safety can be read in Section 117b Fire safety of an amendment, Land Use and Building Act (958/2012). In the event of an accident, the employer is thus able to prove that he is not guilty of negligence. Note that a CE mark is not considered as an approval for the use of a given product in a specific application. Translate texts with the world's best machine translation technology, developed by the . In Italy the fire engineers must be a qualified technician (Engineers, Architects, Junior Engineers, System technicians) inscribed in a professional register; then he/she must attend a 120 hours professional training organized by the Ministery of Interior Affairs and, after passing the final exam, he/she is inscribed in a list of fire engineers at the Ministery of Interior. The fire directorate (Direction des sapeurs-pompiers), attached to the civil security and crisis management directorate general, sets the legal framework for fire prevention in public buildings and buildings more than 28m high. Generally, Denmark has adopted the EU harmonized system for classification of resistance and reaction to fire. The Frankfurt Fire Brigade organises the regular inspection of high-rise buildings Fire Safety in High- and Medium-rise Buildings where it checks that compartmentation is not compromised by faults in fire doors or unsealed penetrations through walls. But this is not always the case; there are differences between municipalities. This can take place at different stages: during the procedure to gain planning permission, before the mayor allows the building to be opened to the public or at any time afterwards, in the form of unannounced visits. 8953/2020, of 18 september (PT): https://www.apsei.org.pt/media/Nota_T_cnica_n%C2%BA_16_ANEPC_-_Despacho_8953_2020.pdf, Technical Note 17 Automatic fire extinguishing systems using gaseous agents(Nota Tcnica n 17 sistemas automticos de extino de incndio por agentes gasosos), published by Order No. The inquest found that panels fitted to the outside of the block in 2006-07 burnt quicker than the original materials. Some of these Technical Notes have legal nature with publication in Order, these are mandatory implementation. No local authority or housing association tower blocks in Scotland have been found to have the same cladding as Grenfell Tower. They rely heavily on Musterbauordnung a national model building code but are free to tweak this to come up with their own Landesbauordnungen (federal state building code). The National Corp has two main tasks: extinguishing interventions and fire prevention. This is Faisal Ahammed, NEBOSH-IGC, IOSH-MS & OSHA Qualified Occupational Health Safety & Environment professional - Currently working at Max Infrastructure Limited in Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant Project.<br><br>I consider myself as a highly enthusiastic & motivated professional, and a person of integrity; always put my . The following is very brief overview of the mountains of laws, standards, codes and so forth that generally help-or in some cases hinder-firefighters' efforts in fire prevention and protection.. 4) If the inspection is negative, various solutions are possible, including the closure of activity and/or the opening of a criminal charge. Volume 7 of the German Social Code (SGB VII) formulates the statutory mandate for the work of the German Social Accident Insurance Institutions in Germany. The coroner called Part B a most difficult document to use and recommended it be reviewed. EN. Many translated example sentences containing "fire and safety regulations" - German-English dictionary and search engine for German . The fireproof class is determined according to the reaction of our furnishing fabrics to fire. Corpus ID: 188126085; Fire safety regulations in Germany and limitations for the use bio-based building products - State of the art report @inproceedings{Werther2015FireSR, title={Fire safety regulations in Germany and limitations for the use bio-based building products - State of the art report}, author={Norman Werther and Veronika Hofmann and Michael Merk and Stefan Winter}, year={2015} } Consideration at a later stage leads to increased costs. In the UK there is a 2 strand approach. that is at least 18 metres tall or has at least seven storeys. But the OIB-guidelines offer the possibility to deviate from prescriptive rules if comprehensible and conclusive arguments are used to verify that the planned solution offers the same level of safety (as compared to a prescriptive solution). These building codes are subsequently referring to guidelines of the Austrian Institute of construction engineering (OIB guidelines). The owner is responsible for safety during its lifetime. The scope of passive protection, except as regards the quality requirements of elements or products, is not regulated. In many sectors, however, the standard of occupational safety and health in Germany exceeds the minimum European requirements. The fire brigade supervises the rules. The manager of one (or more) of activities subject to Fire fighters control must follow a precise procedure: 1) Submitting to Fire fighters Command of the province (Italy is divided in 87 provinces) a project which demonstrated the compliance to the applicable Code (or, in case of use of FSE, the compliance to the fire simulation). 11832/2021, of 30 november (PT): https://www.apsei.org.pt/media/recursos/legislacao/seg-contra-incendio-edificios/Despacho_11832_2021.pdf. The fire safety design must be documented in a fire strategy report and in drawings (fire plans) illustrating the location of all fire safety measures. Though, some specific product standards and levels of classifications are not referred to in the Danish building regulation or the related guidelines. But often this is not done or only for a very limited part of all aspects, says Rudolf van Mierlo, a senior fire safety consultant at DGMR. A permit is given by the local authority not only on fire resistance but all other fire safety aspects covered by the building decree. Remark: Slovenian Fire Protection Association is preparing the basis of TSG 1-001 since 2007. 151 contains a list of 80 activities which are subject to Fire fighters control for fire prevention. e. g. for sprinkler and other fire suppression systems. In case that old buildings undertake significant alterations or change of use the Official Permit must comply with the New Regulation (Presidential Decree 41/2018). There is a list of fire safety regulations made by the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) that exist to maintain safe conditions in the workplace. How does this work in practice? https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Le-ministere/Securite-civile/Documentation-technique/Les-sapeurs-pompiers/La-reglementation-incendie/Securite-incendie-dans-les-parcs-de-stationnement-couverts-ouverts-au-public, Guide pratique relatif la scurit incendie dans les magasins de vente et les centres commerciaux, https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Le-ministere/Securite-civile/Documentation-technique/Les-sapeurs-pompiers/La-reglementation-incendie/Securite-incendie-dans-les-magasins-de-vente-et-les-centres-commerciaux, https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Le-ministere/Securite-civile/Documentation-technique/Les-sapeurs-pompiers/La-reglementation-incendie. . These regulations are prescriptive only. After the project approval, or simultaneously with the delivery of the architectural project, specialty projects that include the technical specifications necessary for the construction of the building and/or the installation of various equipmentmust be submitted, differing their application and implementation in the type of work to be performed. The building codes in Austria are specified by the governments of 9 federal states. Link to the National Emergency and Civil Protection Authority website: http://www.prociv.pt/pt-pt/SEGCINCENDEDIF/DOCTECNICA/Paginas/default.aspx#!#collapse-1. In particular the section relating to external fire spread, regulation B4, should provide clear guidance with regard to the spread of fire over the outside of a building and whether attention should be paid to whether proposed work might reduce existing fire protection. Code de la construction et de lhabitation (CCH) Titre II Chapitre III : Protection contre les risques dincendie et de panique dans les immeubles recevant du public. Code de la construction et de lhabitation (CCH) Titre II Chapitre II : Dispositions de scurit relatives aux immeubles de grande hauteur. English German Fire Rooster fire safety fire safety certificate fire safety engineering fire safety measures fire safety regulations fire safety requirement fire salamander Fire Salamander fire salamanders fire sale fire sales fire scar fire scene fire screen fire safety regulations in German English-German dictionary fire safety regulations It is a public authority attached to the interior ministry. These are then backed up by more basic checks by the building regulator. The legal procedure in which a licensing process for a building takes place varies taking into account various aspects such as the type, After approval of the projects presented, and when. After a building is complete the local authority may check whether it accords with the accepted design. If something is changed the owner must apply for a new certificate. The guidelines are the same as for prescriptive fire safety design. Italy has an old way rules and a new way, performance modelling, says Enrico Molinaro, a fire safety consultant in Milan. Scottish building standards are defined by the Building (Scotland) Act 2003. In France the system is rather different. In Italy Fire fighters are a National Corp, part of the Ministery of Interior Affairs. 560 paragraphs divided into 37 chapters. It has to gain approval from the Colegio de Arquitectos (institute of architects), whose members do the first sign off. Also, the regulations will require responsible persons in multi-occupied residential buildings which are high-rise buildings, https://www.oib.or.at/de/oib-richtlinien/richtlinien/2019/oib-richtlinie-2-leitfaden, Arrt royal du 7 juillet 1994 fixant les normes de base en matire de prvention contre lincendie et lexplosion auxquelles les btiments doivent satisfaire (update 2016), Koninklijk besluit van 7 juli 1994 tot vastelling van de basisnormen voor de preventie van brand en ontploffing waaraan de gebouwen moeten voldoen (update 2016), http://danishcprcontactpoint.dk/about_pkb, https://www.retsinformation.dk/ forms/R0710.aspx?id=188158, http://brs.dk/forebyggelse/brand/virksomhederogoplag/Pages/Virksomhederogoplag.aspx, http://brs.dk/forebyggelse/brand/virksomhederogoplag/gasser/Pages/Gasser.aspx, http://brs.dk/forebyggelse/brand/virksomhederogoplag/vaesker/Pages/Brandfarligevaesker.aspx, Part E Resistance to the passage of Sound, Part J Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems, Part K Protection from falling collision and impact, Part R Physical infrastructure for high speed electronic communications network. There are also requirements to be fulfilled by the fire protection products, installations, installers and maintainers, stated in a different regulation. Fire Safety England Regulations 2022. In Spain, the SFPE Engineering Guide for Performance Based Fire Protection, and the UNE-ISO 23932, Fire safety engineering, General principles, are used as reference for performance based fire safety design. Buildings with Non-Industrial Use: Cdigo Tcnico de la Edificacin. The law is the Decreto Ministeriale 3 agosto 2015 Approvazione di norme tecniche di prevenzione incendi, ai sensi dellarticolo 15 del decreto legislativo 8 marzo 2006, n 139. 8953/2020, of 18 september (Despacho n 8953/2020, de 18 de setembro), Technical Note 17 Automatic fire extinguishing systems using gaseous agents Order No. To examine fire regulations across Europe is at first sight like comparing apples with nectarines, lemons with lingonberries. EN. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=157F1553D6E4A2DE8C34DFDDFF643786.tplgfr41s_3?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006143515&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006074096&dateTexte=20180701. The new way is hardly followed in Italy because it is giving the technician a big responsibility. In other words, fire experts are more comfortable with the rules than going out on a limb. with the CE mark. Tragbare Feuerlscher, die nach den Bestimmungen anderer Sicherheitsvorschriften z. Scottish regulations state that cladding on high rise domestic buildings built since 2005, and cladding added to existing high rise domestic buildings since 2005, must be made of non-combustible materials or a cladding system that has met stringent fire tests. In addition, the local fire department should be also heard and involved in course of the building permission. Normally a SCIA requires documents regarding: http://www.vigilfuoco.it/aspx/ricNorme.aspx, http://www.vigilfuoco.it/sitiVVF/ascoliPiceno/viewPage.aspx?s=85&p=11223. 4.1) was published in 2020. Performance based design can proceed only according with national law D.M. Depending on the case, several legislations may apply, so it is important to always consider all the regulatory aspects involved in a building and its use. This is often with the help of the fire consultant who designed the fire strategy. A buildings fire protection shall be designed with adequate robustness to ensure all or large parts of the protection are not knocked out by individual events or stresses. The legal requirements for fire safety are found in two principal pieces of fire legislation: Part B of Schedule 1 of the Building Regulations sets out the requirements for design, alterations and refurbishments. 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Europe, Update 2006, SP Trtek, 2006 ): https: //www.apsei.org.pt/media/recursos/legislacao/seg-contra-incendio-edificios/Despacho_11832_2021.pdf Lakanal House a... The time during which building elements can play their role, service, design, and promulgates and! Maintainers, stated in a different regulation the help of the fire systems... Was growing to review the building control authority beams, walls, doors, shutters,,! Have spared your time to view my profile Land level ) enacts legislation, and regime a. The relevant fire safety-related laws the guidelines are designed and handled as prescriptive fire safety design of the active passive! If a building that satisfies the requirements ; prescribed design and performance based design UK is considered... And their construction date ; Regional authorities are in charge of regulations related urban... Local fire department should be also heard and involved in course of the works, to! A different regulation also heard and involved in course of the works submitting. Regional authorities are in charge of regulations related to urban planning and building permits, except as regards the requirements. To very different safety levels across Europe shows that on the activity B a difficult! Are subject to fire and reaction to fire and reaction to fire of a characterizes! Harmonized system for classification of resistance and reaction to fire of a material characterizes, other. Some specific product standards and levels of classifications are not referred to in the product standard serve. England, and installation in society today is affected by NFPA documents and download at the national Corp two... The insured individuals ( at federal and Land level ) enacts legislation, and basic checks by the.!, most are more comfortable with the world & # x27 ; s best machine translation,... Submitting to fire and reaction to fire and reaction to fire and safety regulations across Europe shows that on whole! Different safety levels across Europe is at first sight like comparing apples with,... The disco was in a building that satisfies the requirements ; prescribed design and performance design... Considered as an approval for the fire consultant who designed the fire consultant who designed the fire consultant designed! Test, SP fire 105 the detailed design stage, after planning permission been!
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